Curriculum
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C. Actions This section outlines potential avenues for action in relation to the academic freedom and human rights standards discussed in Part B. This should be used as a starting point only and is by no means exhaustive. The below mechanisms should be further explored by scholars, advocates, universities, associations, student groups, NGOs, think tanks and other stakeholders in efforts to engage with national, regional and international human rights systems in their work to protect academic freedom.
--------------------------------------------------------- 1. Selecting a Mechanism: From the local to the global As a general rule, avenues for action concerning violations of academic freedom or university autonomy should be pursued in order of their proximity to the situation of concern. Local or national level action is almost always preferable, if possible, and may be necessary as a prerequisite to obtaining access to regional and international legal mechanisms. The regional and international human rights systems commonly employ the principle of subsidiarity [1], which in practice means a rule of exhaustion of domestic remedies. For example, the European Court of Human Rights will not consider an application from an individual unless it can be shown that the applicant has first exhausted all opportunities through the domestic legal system available to them [2]. With this in mind, outlined following are some of the important mechanisms in place at the national, regional and international level for the protection of academic freedom and university autonomy. --------------------------------------------------------- |
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